Analysis Of Othello By William Shakespeare - 1090 Words

Throughout the years, women have been seen as inferior and weaker than men, while men are seen as superior and stronger than women. However, the word strong doesn t measure their physical strength, but by their strength to ignore societies standards. Othello by William Shakespeare takes place during the late 16th century a time in which women didn’t have a voice and were expected to be obedient and chaste. Although this was the case for many women, Emilia is a strong character because she stood up for what she believed in breaking the norm. Although, Emilia did obey many of the traditional women roles she decided to go against them realizing how unfair it was for women to follow these roles. For instance, after Emilia has picked up Desdemona’s handkerchief and hands it to her husband Iago after, they have finished arguing, Emilia thinks about how she does â€Å"nothing but to please his fantasy† (3.3.298-299). Here we see how Emilia takes her role as a wife satis fying her husband needs with whatever he pleases from her, making her an obedient traditional wife because women were expected to follow these roles and would be criticized if they did otherwise. Moreover, Emilia has realized how unfairly Iago treats her and states that men â€Å"eat [women] hung[ri]ly, and when they are full, they belch [them]† (3.4.103-106). Emilia has finally become aware but most importantly recognizes how her husband has used her throughout their years of marriage. Emilia realizes how men only useShow MoreRelatedOthello Analysis : Othello By William Shakespeare1115 Words   |  5 PagesRiley Thompson Professor Grill LIT 200 2 November 2014 Othello Analysis Assignment Othello, a play that was written in 1604 by William Shakespeare, is an example of a type of story called a â€Å"tragedy.† Throughout the course of the work, Othello proves himself to be very easily misled, despite his heroic status. This causes him to lose his ability to make good judgments and decisions. Even though Othello had a reputation as a hero, he ends up being one of the most gullible characters in the play whenRead MoreAnalysis Of Othello By William Shakespeare Essay2413 Words   |  10 Pagesprocess, such as a process known as Classical Conditioning. Mind manipulation has been presented by villains throughout movies, novels, and even plays. The play Othello, written around 1603 by William Shakespeare, with the villain character Iago, is characterized as a jealous, hubris, sinister, crafty, and manipulative being. William Shakespeare has managed to write a tragic play where he used Iago’s malicious words to provide early Classical Conditioning, to cloud Ot hello’s mind of critical thoughtsRead MoreAnalysis Of Othello By William Shakespeare1579 Words   |  7 Pagesdiscriminated against due to your race? In Othello by William Shakespeare the theme of race is evident through out the play and is a very critical aspect towards the plot. Since Othello has a strong sense of self he is able to counter-balance the overt racism he is faced with in the beginning because he is respected and has high stature as a war general. Him and his wife lived happily without worrying what others thought of their bi-racial marriage. But, when Othello hears rumors of his wife’s possibleRead MoreAnalysis Of Othello By William Shakespeare1436 Words   |  6 PagesRasheed Patrick Ms. Milliner EES21QH-01 01/17/17 Final Paper In Othello every character has their own personalities that makes them the person they are. In Othello there are characters that show true grit, a fixed mindset, and a growth mindset. Each characters are different which makes the book even more interesting. True grit means to endure and push through to do something better no matter what it takes. An example of grit is studying for a long period of time for a test and enduring the amountRead MoreAnalysis Of Othello By William Shakespeare1240 Words   |  5 PagesRationale In Part Four of the course, Critical Study, we studied Shakespeare’s tragedy, Othello. This is a play that comprises of enduring themes of love, betrayal, jealousy, appearance versus reality, racism, and revenge. I chose to write a diary for this play because we are only presented with the facade of these characters. Throughout the play, the audience is left to wonder what goes on behind the scenes. And the only way to achieve this is to put ourselves in their shoes in order to experienceRead MoreAnalysis Of Othello By William Shakespeare865 Words   |  4 PagesHandkerchief William Shakespeare is a famous writer had written lot of poetry, stories, dramas etc. In his drama, he usually has a sad ending. He introduces a clue that diverts a character’s mind and thought. One of his plays named â€Å"Othello† he introduces a handkerchief as a clue that had diverted different characters’ thoughts. That handkerchief changed from a love token into a source of suspicion in Othello’s mind. In this story, main character named Othello, who gave that handkerchief to his wifeRead MoreAnalysis Of Othello By William Shakespeare1505 Words   |  7 PagesQuanisha Taylor Dr. Traylor English 1102 16 November 2015 Sadistic Motives In William Shakespeare’s play Othello Iago has the ability to charm and convince people of his loyalty and honesty. Iago immediately introduced his malicious desire for revenge, but he had no proven reason for his actions. Throughout the play Iago devises a devious plan to convince the other characters of his cunning contrivance. Iago treats others as the fool with no intentions of caring about their feelings. Behind hisRead MoreAnalysis Of Othello By William Shakespeare1575 Words   |  7 Pagesdiscriminated against due to your race? In Othello by William Shakespeare the theme of race is evident through out the play and is a very critical aspect towards the plot. Since Othello has a strong sense of self he is able to counter-balance the overt racism he is faced with in the beginning because he is respected and has high stature as a war general. Him and his wife lived happily without worrying what others thought of their bi-racial marriage. But, when Othello hears rumors of his wife’s possibleRead MoreAnalysis Of Othello By William Shakespeare1378 Words   |  6 PagesEES21GH-02 01/20/17 Final paper Throughout the play Othello by William Shakespeare, we sit in on the life of an African American military commander, or Moor, who was deceived by a jealous under officer named Iago. Iago’s only motive for deceiving the Moor was animosity because Othello did not promote him to Lieutenant. With the help of a passive man named Roderigo, Iago was able to convince Othello that his wife had cheated on him with the man Othello did promote to Lieutenant, named Cassio. After convincingRead MoreAnalysis Of Othello By William Shakespeare Essay1606 Words   |  7 PagesThe theme of power is explored in various ways throughout ‘Othello’, Shakespeare uses the vulnerability of characters’ flaws to allow power shifts to occur through manipulation. The Elizabethan value consensus highlights the difference in gender roles, with societal expectations being defined by the divine order. The limitations of social mobility provide a strong platform for the theme of power to b e embedded upon, with characters such as Desdemona and Emilia representing the struggle that women

The Miscarriage Of A Miscarriage - 1184 Words

Miscarriage is one of the most recurrent issues faced by women during pregnancy. Seventeen to twenty-two percent of pregnancies end in a miscarriage. This number is only growing larger due to older women having babies and women practicing unhealthy life choices during their pregnancy. Many studies and doctors would argue that the cause of miscarriage cannot be pinpointed down to one single problem. However, recent studies show that there are certain risky lifestyles that can increase a woman’s risk of having a miscarriage. Women who smoke during pregnancy or have a spouse who smokes, increase their risk of experiencing a miscarriage. Smoking can cause chromosomal abnormalities in the embryo during pregnancy. Miscarriages can be caused by chromosomal abnormalities therefore, smoking increases a woman’s chance of experiencing a miscarriage. Smoking cigarettes has been known for several years to be harmful to the individuals who choose to smoke. Putting tar into your lungs , causing cancer, heart disease and stroke are just a few reasons many Americans choose not to smoke. However, seventeen percent of people in the United States are smokers. With that seventeen percent, ten percent of women smoke during pregnancy. Not smoking during pregnancy should be a no-brainer but women still do it. Smoking during pregnancy has been known to cause retardation, low birth weight, premature birth, and infant mortality. New studies are showing that smoking is now causing chromosomalShow MoreRelatedMiscarriages of Justice1771 Words   |  8 Pagesâ€Å"It’s a general problem not specific to the law of the United Kingdom a criminal justice system characterized by an emphasis on crime control rather than due process will inevitably produce miscarriage of justice.† In an imaginary world the law would always give the correct results but in a real world it’s the other way. When they don’t which way do they tend to err? Which way do we want to err? We want the law to err on the side of acquitting guilty people rather than convictingRead MoreReflection On Miscarriage716 Words   |  3 PagesPersonal Critical Incident Reflection Paper_ Miscarriage Introduction Pregnancy is meant to be an exciting happy time; not only for the mother, but for the whole family and friends. So, when a woman miscarries, the psychological impact/ trauma is unbearable and very devastating. The experience and feeling of loss, grief, guilt, and shame caused by a miscarriage can take a toll on everyone. These feelings can also turn into a major depression in some women and possible questions of what could haveRead MoreEssay on miscarriages of justice1953 Words   |  8 Pageswe live. Therefore, miscarriages of justice occur in the criminal justice system more frequently than is publicised or known to the public at large. They are routine and would have to be considered as a serious problem in our society. The law is what most people respect and abide by, if society cannot trust the law that governs them, then there will be serious consequences including the possible breakdown of that society. In order to have a fair and just society, miscarriages of justice must notRead More Miscarriage of Justice Essay1824 Words   |  8 Pageshaunt the LAPD indefinitely and caused further contention between an already distrusting, leery minority population and law enforcement. In conclusion, these extraordinary criminal trials hold their place in history as some of the most palpable miscarriages of justice. In all three cases, it is almost impossible to comprehend the enormity of the evidence convicting each of the defendants. These trials prove that people’s intrinsic preconceived notions regarding the way in which certain people areRead MoreThe Effect Of Miscarriage On The Mother And The Father993 Words   |  4 PagesGerhardt (2014), miscarriage is the word known for a pregnancy that ends unplanned during the first 20 weeks of pregnancy. The reasons why miscarriage happens varies but there is no exact cause and no exact way to tell when and how it can be prevented. Bigner and Gerhardt (2014) also mention that around 10 to15 percent of known pregnancies are miscarriages. This topic is important to discuss because even though 10 to 15 percent of pregnancies seem like a small amount of miscarriages, it is actuallyRead MoreElizabeth I And Two Misca rriages1501 Words   |  7 Pagesdaughter of the Duke of Norfolk. Siblings: George Boleyn and Mary Boleyn. Married: Henry VIII of England. Married 25th January 1533, probably at the Palace of Whitehall. Divorced by her execution on the 19th of May 1936. Children: Elizabeth I and two miscarriages. Died: 19th May 1536, Chapel of St. Peter ad Vincula, at the Tower of London. Brief Summary (Write a brief summary of there life. Highlight the key areas of their life) Her childhood was spent as the lady-in-waiting for the Archduchess MargaretRead MoreSteven Truscott: Miscarriage of Justice995 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Courtney White Mrs. Schweitzer CLU 3M December 8 2013 Steven Truscott: Miscarriage of Justice â€Å"The only two people that know I am innocent, is myself and the killer.† Imagine being blamed for a crime you did not commit, and nobody would believe you no matter what you said. Steven Truscott had forty-two years of his life taken from him for being charged with a crime he did not commit. He was charged at only the age of fourteen for murdering and raping twelve year old Lynne Harper. He then becameRead MoreMiscarriage Is The Most Common Complication Of Pregnancy1587 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Miscarriage is the most common complication of pregnancy in the United States, occurring in 15-20% of clinically-recognized pregnancies, or ~1,000,000 cases annually. - Despite its frequency, the majority of Americans believe that it is a rare complication occurring in 5% or fewer of all pregnancies. Miscarriage can be an unexpected and emotionally devastating diagnosis for patients and their partners with studies showing that some women may suffer from psychological morbidity for monthsRead MorePreventing Still Births and Miscarriages Essay1419 Words   |  6 PagesMany women have a time in their life where they have a pregnancy loss whether it’s an abortion, miscarriage, or stillborn. A lot of mothers go into depression when the loss of their baby is out of their control such as miscarriages and still born. There are family members very close to me who went through this such as my mother who had a miscarriage with in the first trimester and my first cousin who had at still born in fourth trimester. This information is imperative so women can be careful whenRead MoreEffects Of Pregnancy On Patients With A History Of Miscarriage Essay734 Words   |  3 PagesResearch Question: Does use of progesterone in early pregnancy explain viable pregnancies in patients with a history of miscarriage? Change One: In pregnant patients with a history of miscarriage, how does progesterone use compared to no treatment affect the viability of a pregnancy within nine months? Change Two: In a random sample of pregnant women with a history of recurrent miscarriage of unknown etiology, how does the application of 400 mg of progesterone, vaginally, twice daily for the first twelve

The Violence Of The State Of Pennsylvania s Ethnic...

Luis Ramirez and his girlfriend are enjoying a quiet evening at Shenandoah Park on July 12, 2008, after hanging out with friends. That night the two ran into six drunk high school football players in the woods after leaving a party. The six men started to shout racial slurs toward the two, which later turned into a physical altercation, six against one. Derrick Donchak, one of the defendants, beat Ramirez with a thick piece of metal. At the same time, Donchak’s teammate continued to kick Ramirez in the head as he laid on the ground. As the beating continued, all six men screamed: â€Å"This is Shenandoah. This is America. Go back to Mexico.† Unfortunately, Ramirez died two days after, due to injuries sustained during the altercation (Lopez, 2012). These six men were charged as adults, while three of them, Piekarsky, Donchak, and Walsh were charged with homicide and ethnic intimidation. The state of Pennsylvania’s ethnic intimidation statute is defined as â€Å"t he intention to commit any act, the commission of which is motivated by hatred toward the race, color, religion, or national origin of an individual or group of individuals† (Lopez, 2012). As the trial proceeded, the prosecution had witnesses testify against the defendants as well as a retired police officer who heard the racial slurs against Ramirez. Donchak was identified as the person who punched Ramirez and Piekarsky as the one who kicked him by multiple individuals including the four other teammates. Donchak andShow MoreRelatedPolice Brutality Is Becoming Worse And More Documented With The Use Of Cell Phones1399 Words   |  6 Pagesapplied in the context of causing physical harm, it may also involve psychological harm through the use of intimidation tactics beyond the scope of officially sanctioned police procedure. To begin with, let s start with the police officers who commit the crime of abuse. Cops feel like they are superior and no one can stop them. If there are no witnesses to see the commit a crime, it s the victim s word against the officer. Cops are indicted in less than 1% of killings, but the indictment rate for CitizensRead MoreRacial Discrimination in America During the 1920s2416 Words   |  10 PagesThe motto of the United States of America is E Pluribus Unum meaning ‘Out of one, many. It neatly recognises that although America may be a single nation, it is also one originally made up of immigrants who arrived not only from Europe and Asia, but forcibly as slaves from Africa and of Native Americans. Its population is the most racially and culturally diverse in the world and for that reason is often referred to as a Melting Pot. br brDuring the 1920s, racial tensions in American societyRead MoreHate Crime And Mass Shootings Essay4636 Words   |  19 PagesAmerica s Greatest Threats: Domestic Terrorism, Hate Crimes and Mass Shootings I. Introduction Executive Order 13224 on Terrorist Financing under the guidelines of the United States (U.S) National Emergency Act (Pub. L. 94-412) went into effect on September 24, 2001 by President George W. Bush and remains active, for the reason that President Barak Obama, kept the order in an uninterrupted state of emergency throughout his presidency. Due to the guidelines of the statute, national state ofRead More Gangs and Violence in California Essay3549 Words   |  15 PagesGangs and Violence in California This paper was done in response to an article that I came across in which a child was convicted as an adult for homicide. The homicide was supposedly gang-related; the young child that was only 14 years of age was painted as an entrenched gang member. This article made me think what contributed to this situation and how it can be eradicated from today’s society so this will never happen to any of our youth. The solutions provided in this document are a responseRead MorePersuasive Essay On Domestic Terrorism3883 Words   |  16 PagesI. Introduction The United States has been in a national state of emergency fighting a war on terrorism since September 11, 2001. The intelligence communities have pursued and tracked down terrorist suspects who pose a direct threat to this country, yet one of the greatest threat to this country is the astronomical number of mass shootings and hate crimes that have occurred in this country post 9/11. The United States has taken aggressive measures to counteract the war on Terror, yet has notRead MoreHuman Resources And Human Resource Management10880 Words   |  44 PagesHuman Resources Defined As a Salon Owner you may have heard the term Human Resources as these departments started showing up in small to large companies in the late 1960’s. The purpose of these departments was to have specialists that advised their Corporate Management staff on everything from hiring to performance management. Normally the department would be headed up by a person who was qualified, experienced and had formal education in Human Resource Management from an accredited college or universityRead MoreHistory and Rolls of Law Enforcement in America10094 Words   |  41 Pagesgained throughout the course. Followed by a reaction summary. To understand today, you often have to look at yesterday. To grasp the challenges that contemporary policing faces, we need to explore a brief history of law enforcement in the Untied States. It is a story of a countries continuing struggle with law enforcement within a democracy. On the one hand we all want a professional police, with highly trained officers who will rush to our door in emergencies. Weather the reason is crime or catastropheRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesEdition E SSAYS ON _ T WENTIETH- C ENTURY H ISTORY Edited by Michael Adas for the American Historical Association TEMPLE UNIVERSITY PRESS PHILADELPHIA Temple University Press 1601 North Broad Street Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122 www.temple.edu/tempress Copyright  © 2010 by Temple University All rights reserved Published 2010 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Essays on twentieth century history / edited by Michael Peter Adas for the American Read MoreRp-Us Visiting Forces Agreement12890 Words   |  52 PagesINTRODUCTION The United States and the Republic of the Philippines maintain close ties based upon the U.S.- Philippines Mutual Defense Treaty, the period of U.S. colonization, common strategic and economic interests, and shared democratic values. The United States long maintained sizable naval and air forces bases in the country. Although the Philippine Senate voted against U.S. wishes to close American military installations in 1992, bilateral security cooperation resumed following territorialRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesOrganizational Behavior This page intentionally left blank Organizational Behavior EDITION 15 Stephen P. Robbins —San Diego State University Timothy A. Judge —University of Notre Dame i3iEi35Bj! Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo Editorial Director: Sally Yagan Director of Editorial Services:

Pride in A Raisin in the Sun, by Lorraine Hansberry Essay

Lorraine Hansberry’s play, A Raisin in the Sun, centers on an African American family in the late 1950s. Hansberry directs her work towards specifically the struggles faced by African Americans during the late 1950s. Through the dialogue and actions of her characters, she encourages not only a sense of pride in heritage, but a national and self-pride in African Americans as well. Hansberry promotes a sense of African heritage through her character, Beneatha. She characterizes Beneatha as a college student struggling to find her identity, who tries to achieve such by getting in touch with her roots. The author expresses Beneatha’s struggle with the arguments between her and the rest of her family, namely her mother, Lena. Beneatha tries†¦show more content†¦Asagai, I am looking for my identity!† (Hansberry 49). Thus, by revealing Beneatha’s interest in Africa to be genuine, coupled with her excitement, Hansberry then expresses a sense of pride in re turning to one’s roots as well as encourages African Americans to embrace theirs. After all, by portraying an interest and yearning for knowledge involving African heritage in one of her characters, Hansberry transfers this idea to her audience as well. Similarly, Hansberry continues this idea in the opening scene of Act two. This scene opens with Beneatha dressed in traditional Nigerian robes, dancing to Nigerian melody, and singing along with the record. Walter soon joins her and the entire house becomes involved in Beneatha’s enjoyment. By opening the second act as such, Hansberry presents aspects of African culture in an uplifting and celebratory fashion, thus further connecting her characters with their African roots. She evens implies the awareness many young blacks have of their past through the character, George Murchison. The critic Anne Cheney points out: â€Å"even George Murchison†¦has an awareness of his African past† (Cheney 59). She continues to examine the comparisons Hansberry makes regarding Lena to the â€Å"earth mother.† Furthermore, Cheney argues that through Asagai, Hansberry refutes the stereotype of Africans with â€Å"a bone through his nose, or his ears.† Hansberry contradi cts this stereotype by characterizing Asagai instead as a down-to-earthShow MoreRelatedLorraine Hansberrys A Raisin in the Sun1260 Words   |  6 Pagesoblivious to this fact, and to those who are aware and accept this knowledge. The people who are oblivious represent those who are ignorant of the fact that their dream will be deferred. This denial is the core of the concept used in A Raisin in the Sun by Lorraine Hansberry. The perception of the American Dream is one that is highly subjective, but every individual dream ends in its own deferment. During the 1960s, the African-American people were in racial situations due to their â€Å"lowered status†. TheyRead MoreLorraine Hansberry1192 Words   |  5 PagesLorraine Hansberrys A Raisin in the Sun The characters in Lorraine Hansberrys play are very significant in understanding the play. The characters are examples of they way Lorraine lived day by day her live when she was a kid. The success of the play was brought out by the characters and her way of keeping our interest with each one of them. They characters are very critical in understanding the play. There were four main characters that made the play a sellout, Lena, Ruth, Beneatha and WalterRead MoreCharacters in Raisin in the Sun Essay876 Words   |  4 PagesCharacters in Raisin in the Sun The characters in Lorraine Hansberry^s play are very significant in understanding the play. The characters are examples of they way Lorraine lived day by day her live when she was a kid. The success of the play was brought out by the characters and her way of keeping our interest with each one of them. They characters are very critical in understanding the play. There were four main characters that made the play a sellout, Lena, Ruth, Beneatha and WalterRead MoreA Raisin In The Sun Character Analysis902 Words   |  4 PagesSegregation vs. Southern Pride Lorraine Hansberry’s â€Å"A Raisin in the Sun† touches on many issues African Americans faced in the early to mid-twentieth century. One can analyze Hansberry’s â€Å"A Raisin in the Sun† from many angles, and come away with different meanings. While Michelle Gordon focuses more on segregation and housing discrimination that plagued African Americans on Chicago’s Southside in Hansberry’s â€Å"A Raisin in the Sun†, William Murray emphasizes on Southern Pride and heritage. This paperRead MoreRacial Identity in A Raisin in the Sun: Who Am I?1102 Words   |  5 Pagesproviding a perverted rational for justifying segregation (Pilgrim â€Å"Mammy†; â€Å"Tom†). So when Lorraine Hansberry’s play, A Raisin in the Sun (1959), confronted the issue of segregation through the lens of an African American family living in Chicago’s Southside, the Caucasian audience’s widespread acceptance of a family who was â €Å"just like any other† (Nemiroff 9) appears ironic. Contrary to public perception, Raisin sought to convey â€Å"the essence of black people’s striving and the will to defeat segregationRead MoreRacial Disccrimination in a Raisin in the Sun Essay868 Words   |  4 PagesThe late 1950s was filled with racial discriminations. There was still sections living as well as public signs of Colored and Whites. Blacks and Whites were not for any change or at least not yet. A Raisin in the Sun, by Lorraine Vivian Hansberry, tells a story of a black family that is struggling to gain a middle class acceptance in Chicago. The family of five, one child and four adults live in a tiny apartment that is located in a very poor area. Dreams of owning a business and having money toRead More Racism and the American Dream in Hansberry’s A Raisin in the Sun1340 Words   |  6 PagesA Raisin in the Sun is written by a famous African- American play write, Lorraine Hansberry, in 195 9. It was a first play written by a black woman and directed by a black man, Lloyd Richards, on Broadway in New York. The story of A Raisin in the Sun is based on Lorraine Hansberry’s own early life experiences, from which she and her whole family had to suffer, in Chicago. Hansberry’s father, Carol Hansberry, also fought a legal battle against a racial restrictive covenant that attempted to stop African-Read MoreEssay on Who Am I?: Racial Identity in A Raisin in the Sun1596 Words   |  7 Pagesa perverted rationale for justifying segregation (Pilgrim â€Å"Mammy†; â€Å"Tom†). So when Lorraine Hansberry’s play, A Raisin in the Sun (1959), confronted the issue of segregation through the lens of an African American family living in Chicago’s Southside, Caucasian audiences’ widespread acceptance of the Youngers, a family who was â€Å"just like any other,† appears ironic (Nemiroff 9). Contrary to public perception, Raisin sough t to convey â€Å"the essence of black people’s striving and the will to defeat segregationRead MoreThe Great Playwright s Life Story2415 Words   |  10 PagesBefore the relatively short life of Lorraine Hansberry tragically ended, the African-American playwright distinguished herself in American theatre and literature as she creatively and unknowingly challenged the views of African-American life, among other inescapable issues of the nation and the world, on the theatrical stage. The great playwright’s life story began on May 19, 1930. Although born during a time of hardship introduced by the Great Depression, Hansberry grew up rather comfortably in a middle-classRead MoreLorraine Hansberry Is An African American Play Writer Who1583 Words   |  7 PagesLorraine Hansberry is an African American play writer who wrote the play â€Å"A Raisin in the Sun.† The Play highlights the lives of a lower-class Black American family in the 1950s living under racial seg regation and oppression in Chicago. The title of the play was inspired from the poem â€Å"Harlem† by Langston Hughes. The poem questions â€Å"What happens to a dream deferred? Does it dry up like a raisin in the sun?† (Hansberry, 2013, p. 976). The protagonist, Walter Lee Younger, struggles internally with

Foreign Collaboration Free Essays

string(109) " into technology collaboration an agreement is entered into between the foreign entity and an Indian entity\." TAXPERT PROFESSIONALS Article on Foreign Collaboration 24 March 2011 0 TAXPERT Professionals | [Type the company address] Article on Foreign Collaboration Foreign Collaboration An Overview To fulfill the need of freeing the Indian industry from excessive official control and for promoting foreign investments in India in necessary sectors the much required liberalization of Indian economy was brought in by Industrial Policy of 1991. From then the Indian economy is more facilitating to Foreign Direct investment in all form. Foreign investment in India is regulated by ? Foreign Exchange Management Act ? Reserve Bank of India ? Department of Policy and promotion Foreign Exchange Management Act is an act to facilitate, promote and manage the foreign exchange in India. We will write a custom essay sample on Foreign Collaboration or any similar topic only for you Order Now Reserve Bank of India issues various regulations to give effect to the various provisions of the Foreign Exchange Management Act. The Department of Industrial Policy Promotion was established in 1995 and has been reconstituted in the year 2000 with the merger of the Department of Industrial Development. There has been a consistent shift in the role and functions of this Department since 1991. From regulation and administration of the industrial sector, the role of the Department has been transformed into facilitating investment and technology flows and monitoring industrial development in the liberalized environment. The role and functions of the Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion [here in after referred as Department or DIPP] primarily includes interalia is following: Formulation and implementation of industrial policy and strategies for industrial development in conformity with the development needs and national objectives; acilitation of FDI; technology collaborations at enterprise level and formulating policy parameters for the same; Trademarks, Industrial Designs and Geographical Indications of Goods and administration of regulations, rules made there under; TAXPERT Professionals | www. taxpertpro. com info@taxpertpro. com 09769134554 Article on Foreign Collaboration The DIPP is in charge for encouraging acquisition of technological capability in various s ectors of the industry where such acquisition is required to promote the economic development. Foreign technology induction is facilitated through liberal foreign technology collaboration regime either through FDI or through Foreign Technology Collaboration (FTC) agreement. There are two types of Foreign Collaboration the Financial collaboration and the technical collaboration. 1. Financial Collaboration refers to collaboration where only equity is involved. The financial collaboration can be by way of entering into Joint Venture agreement with the Indian Company. 2. Technical collaboration refers to collaboration where there is transfer of technology by the Foreign collaborator on due compensation. Foreign Colloboration Financial Colloboration 1 Financial Collaboration Techinical Colloboration Financial collaboration refers to collaboration where there is equity participation. It is regulated by the sectoral caps only and equity is permitted in almost all the sectors till the extent as mentioned in the Foreign Direct Investment Policy. Foreign Direct Investment is permitted under the automatic route in most sectors/activities excluding only few sectors which are prohibited like real estate etc and few where prior approval from FIPB is required. TAXPERT Professionals | www. taxpertpro. om info@taxpertpro. com 09769134554 Article on Foreign Collaboration As per press note 3 (2005 Series) issued by DIPP prior government approval for new proposals would be required only in cases where the foreign investor has an existing joint venture in the â€Å"same field† [refer Annexure I for detailed discussion]. Same field as defined in the same press note mean 4 digit NIC 1987 code. In case of Financial collaboration a new Indian company [referred as Joint venture Company or JVC here in after] is formed, shares of which are subscribed by a foreign party and the Indian Company. When the money is received by Indian company [JVC] for subscription of shares by Foreign Company it has to intimate the RBI within 30 days of the receiving of Consideration and within 180 days of the receipt of consideration the shares are required to be allotted to foreign company, within 30 days of the allotment of shares the FC GPR Form along with Certificate from Chartered Accountant as well as Company secretary is required to be filed by Indian Company [JVC]. As far as Financial collaboration is concerned in most of the cases a Joint Venture agreement is entered separately or all the conditions of joint Venture agreement are incorporated in the Article of Association of the Company. Interalia following are the clauses in Article of Association that will need consideration so that the interest of both the Joint Venture partners is saved: 1. Shares: – There can be restriction on transferring the share of a company [by each Joint Venture Partner] that no shareholder [JV partner] shall transfer the shares without the approval from other JV partner. The shares shall be offered to the other shareholder first before selling to the third party. How the fair value of the shares to be transferred shall be determined. There can be Lock in period for holding the shares. 2. Meetings:-The Quorum for the General meeting shall be at least one Shareholder? s representative appointed by both parties respectively. 3. Directors: – The Minimum number of directors representing interest of each party can be placed in Article of Association. The quorum of the Board Meeting can be framed to consist at least one Director appointed by each of the parties. The clauses can be put to safeguard interest of each party as to items where consent shall be given by way of affirmative voting by each party director. 2 Foreign technology agreements and collaborations For promoting technological capability and competitiveness of Indian Industry, acquisition of foreign technology is promoted through foreign technology collaborations. Foreign technology agreements and collaborations are permitted either through the automatic route under delegated powers exercised by the Reserve Bank of India, or by the Government. The items of foreign technology collaboration, which are eligible for approval through the automatic route and by the Government, are A. Technical know-how fees, B. Payments for designs and drawings, C. Payments for engineering services and D. Royalty TAXPERT Professionals | www. taxpertpro. com info@taxpertpro. com 09769134554 Article on Foreign Collaboration For entering into technology collaboration an agreement is entered into between the foreign entity and an Indian entity. You read "Foreign Collaboration" in category "Essay examples" The following should be taken into account while drafting the technology agreement that the licensed product/technical information is defined elaborately, period for which such a technology/knowhow is transferred, what is transferred and what is not transferred and what are exclusive and non exclusive rights transferred, manner of calculation of payment and schedule of payment, cost of foreign Technicians, which party will bear the taxes if etc. Please note that no permission is necessary for hiring of foreign technicians and no application need be made to Government for this purpose irrespective of whether the hiring of foreign technician is under an approved collaboration agreement or not]. As said earlier the collaboration can be through automatic route or government route. Below is the brief discussion regarding the same:- 2. 1 Automatic Route for Foreign Technology Agreements: The Reserve Bank of India, through its regional offices, accords automatic approval to all industries for foreign technology collaboration agreements subject to: The lump sum payments not exceeding US $2 million; Where there s technology Transfer :- Royalty payment being limited to 5 per cent for domestic sales and 8 per cent for exports, subject to a total payment of 8 per cent in sales without any restriction on the duration of the payments; and Where there is no technology Transfer: – The Government of India also permits payment of royalties of up to 2 per cent on exports and 1 per cent for domestic sales under automatic route on use of trademarks and brand names of the foreign collaborator without technology transfer. ? ? ? Also, Clarification was brought in by department via press note dated 23-12-2005 that as FDI upto 100% is permitted under the automatic route in most sectors/activities automatic route is also allowed for foreign technology collaboration where the payments are within 5% for domestic sales and 8% for exports. 2. 2 Government Approval for Foreign Technology Agreements As per press note 1(2005 series) Prior approval of the Government would be required only in cases where the foreign investor has an existing joint venture or technology transfer/trademark agreement in the „same? ield. The onus to provide requisite justification and also proof to the satisfaction of the Government that the new proposal would or would not in any way jeopardize the interests of the existing joint venture or technology/trademark partner or other stakeholders would lie equally on the foreign investor/technology supplier and the Indian partner. TAXPERT Professionals | www. taxpertpro. com info@taxpertpro. com 09769134554 Article on Foreign Collaboration In cases where the foreign investor has a joint venture or technology transfer/trademark agreement in the „same? field prior approval of the Government will not be required in the following cases: i. Investments to be made by Venture Capital Funds registered with the Security and Exchange Board of India (SEBI); ii. where in the existing joint-venture investment by either of the parties is less than 3 per cent; iii. Where the existing venture/collaboration is defunct or sick. Remittance of Royalty/Technical Fee General permission has been given permission to authorised dealers by Reserve bank of India vide (DIR Series) Circular No. 76 dated 24th Feb 2004 to allow remittances for royalty and payment of Lump sum fee provided the payment; provided the royalty does not exceeds 5% of the domestic sales and 8% on exports and Lump sum fees does not exceeds USD 2 Million. Prior approval from Ministry of Industry and Commerce, Government of India in case exceeds the above said payments. In terms of Rule 4 of the Foreign Exchange Management (Current Account Transactions) Rules 2000, prior approval of the Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Government of India, is required for drawing foreign exchange for remittances under technical collaboration agreements where payment of royalty exceeds 5% on local sales and 8% on exports and lump-sum payment exceeds USD 2 million [item 8 of Schedule II to the Foreign Exchange Management (Current Account Transactions) Rules, 2000]. However as per RBI/2009-10/465 A. P. (DIR Series) Circular No. 2 dated 13 May 2010 the Government of India has reviewed the extant policy with regard to liberalization of foreign technology agreement and it was decided to omit item number 8 of Schedule II to the Foreign Exchange Management (Current Account Transaction) Rules, 2000, and the entry relating thereto. Accordingly, AD Category-I banks may permit drawal of foreign exchange by persons for payment of royalty and lump-sum payment under technical co llaboration agreements without the approval of Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Government of India [w. . f 16 Dec 2009]. Source :http://rbidocs. rbi. org. in/rdocs/content/PDFs/AFE130510RC. pdf To sum up, success of any collaboration is dependent on the synergies that are driven from it by both parties. Therefore to achieve the desired objective of collaboration it is necessary that the matters like proper due diligence, tax structuring, drafting of joint venture agreement etc are very well taken care of. For further details get in touch at sudhag999@gmail. com TAXPERT Professionals | www. taxpertpro. om info@taxpertpro. com 09769134554 Article on Foreign Collaboration Annexure I Source: http://dipp. nic. in/ DISCUSSION PAPER SUBJECT: APPROVAL OF FOREIGN/ TECHNICAL COLLABORATIONS IN CASE OF EXISTING VENTURES/ TIE-UPS IN INDIA 1. The Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion has decided to release Discussion Papers on various aspects related to FDI. In the series of these Disc ussion Papers, this is the third paper on „Approval of foreign/ technical collaborations in case of existing ventures/tie-ups in India?. Views and suggestions are invited on the observations made in the enclosed discussion paper, as also on the entire gamut of issues related to the subject, by October 15, 2010. 2. The views expressed in this discussion paper should not be construed as the views of the Government. The Department hopes to generate informed discussion on the subject, so as to enable the Government to take an appropriate policy decision at an appropriate time. TAXPERT Professionals | www. taxpertpro. com info@taxpertpro. com 09769134554 Article on Foreign Collaboration DISCUSSION PAPER APPROVAL OF FOREIGN/ TECHNICAL COLLABORATIONS IN CASE OF EXISTING VENTURES/ TIE-UPS IN INDIA 1. 0 PRESENT SCENARIO: 1. 1 Paragraph 4. 2. 2 of Circular 1 of 2010 (Consolidated FDI Policy), specifies that investment would be subject to the „Existing Venture/ tie-up condition?. As per this condition, where a foreign investor had, prior to January 12, 2005, entered into an existing joint venture/ technology transfer/ trademark agreement in the same field, any new proposal for investment/ technology transfer/trademark agreement, requires Government approval. The proposal has to be routed through either the Foreign Investment Promotion Board (FIPB) in the Department of Economic Affairs, if fresh foreign investment is involved or the Project Approval Board (PAB) in the DIPP, if no foreign investment is involved. The 4 digit National Industrial Classification (NIC), 1987 Code, would be the basis for determining if the field was the same . 1. 2 The onus to demonstrate that the proposed new tie-up would not jeopardize the xisting joint venture or technology transfer/ trademark partner, lies equally on the foreign investor/ technology supplier and the Indian partner. 1. 3 The policy aims at protecting the interests of joint venture partners of agreements entered into, prior to January 12, 2005. Foreign collaboration agreements, both financial and technical, entered into after January 12, 2005, have been exempted from this stipulation. This is because such joint venture agreements are expected to include a „conflict of interest? lause, so as to safeguard the interests of joint venture partners, in the event of one of the partners desiring to set up another joint venture or a wholly owned subsidiary in the same field of economic activity. 1. 4 Five categories of investments have, however, been exempted from the requirement of Government approval, even though the foreign investor may be having a joint venture/ technology transfer/ trademark agreement in the same field. These are a) Investments to be made by Venture Capital Funds registered with the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI ), b)Investments by Multinational Financial Institutions like the Asian Development Bank (ADB), International Finance Corporation(IFC), Commonwealth Finance Corporation (CDC), Deutsche Entwicklungs Gescelschaft (DEG), c) Where, in the existing joint venture, investment by either of the parties is less than 3 per cent d)Where the existing joint venture / collaboration is defunct or sick and e) Investments in the Information Technology or mining sectors. 2. 0 2. 1 EVOLUTION OF THE PRESENT REGIME: PRESS NOTE 18 (1998 SERIES) In Press Note 18 (1998 series), Government set out the following guidelines for approval of foreign / technical collaborations, under the automatic route, in cases where previous ventures/ tie-ups existed within India. a) Automatic route for bringing in FDI and/or technology collaboration agreements (including trade-mark agreements), would not be available to those who have or had any previous joint-venture or technology transfer/trade-mark agreement, in the „same? or „allied? field, in India. TAXPERT Professionals | www. taxpertpro. com info@taxpertpro. om 09769134554 Article on Foreign Collaboration b) Government approval route was, necessary in such cases. Detailed circumstances under which it was found necessary to set-up a new joint venture/enter into new technology transfer (including trade-mark) were required to be furnished at the time of seeking approval. c) The onus was clearly on such investors/techno logy suppliers, to provide the requisite justification /proof, to the satisfaction of the Government, that the new proposal would not, in any manner, jeopardize the interests of the existing joint-venture or technology/trade-mark partner or other stakeholders. It was at the sole discretion of the FIPB/ PAB, to either approve the application with or without conditions or to reject it in toto, duly recording the reasons for doing so. 2. 2 PRESS NOTE 10 (1999 SERIES) Press Note 10 (1999 series) defined the meaning of the terms â€Å"same field† and â€Å"allied field† as under: o o â€Å"same field† – four-digit NIC 1987code â€Å"allied field† – three-digit NIC 1987code The Press Note further clarified that, only proposals for foreign collaboration, falling under same four-digit or three-digit classifications, in terms of their past or existing joint ventures in India, would attract the provisions of Press Note 18 (1998 series). 2. 3 PRESS NOTE 2 (2000 SERIES) With a view to further liberalize the FDI regime, the Government issued Press Note 2 (2000 series), wherein all activities were placed under the automatic route for FDI, except for a specified negative list. Sector-specific guidelines were attached to this Press Note. In respect of the mining sector, it was mentioned that the provisions of Press Note 18 (1998 series) would not be applicable for setting up 100% owned subsidiaries, subject to a declaration from the applicant that he had no existing joint-venture for the same area and/ or the particular mineral. 2. 4 PRESS NOTE 8 (2000 SERIES) Press Note 8 (2000 series), recognized the special nature and needs of the IT sector. With a view to further simplify approval procedures and facilitate greater investment inflows into the IT sector in the country, FDI proposals elating to the IT sector were exempted from the provisions of Press Note 18 (1998 series). 2. 5 PRESS NOTE 1 (2001 SERIES) This Press Note provided for exemptions from the provisions of Press Note 18 for investments made in domestic companies by International Financial Institutions, such as the Asian Development Bank (ADB), International Finance Corporation (IFC), Commonwealth Development Corporation (CDC), Deutsche Entwicklungs Gescels chaft (DEG) etc. Accordingly, such International Financial Institutions were permitted to invest in domestic companies, through the automatic route, subject to SEBI/ RBI regulations and sector-specific caps on FDI. TAXPERT Professionals | www. taxpertpro. com info@taxpertpro. com 09769134554 Article on Foreign Collaboration 2. 6 PRESS NOTE 1 (2005 SERIES) 1. Following the introduction of Press Note 18 (1998 series), certain representations were made by foreign investors. They pointed out that: a) The Press Note had the effect of overriding the contractual terms agreed to with the Indian partners. ) Domestic investors were using the provisions of the Press Note as a means of extracting unreasonable prices / commercial advantage. The Press Note was, thus, becoming a stumbling block for further FDI coming into the country. c) The term â€Å"allied field† was very widely defined, as it included even those products which would not have caused jeopardy to the manufacture of existing products. d) For eign investors were being singled out to present their defence, without the Indian partner being asked to justify the existence of jeopardy. . Press Note 1 (2005 series), issued on 12 January, 2005, addressed these issues by amending the earlier guidelines. New proposals for foreign investment/technical collaboration were allowed under the automatic route, subject to sectoral policies and the following revised guidelines: a) Prior approval of the Government would be required only in cases where the foreign investor had a joint venture or technology transfer/trademark agreement in the ‘same’ field, existing as on the date of the Press Note i. . 12 January, 2005. b) The onus to provide requisite justification and proof, to the satisfaction of the Government, that the new proposal would or would not, in any way, jeopardize the interests of the existing joint-venture or technology/ trademark partner or other stakeholders, would lie equally on the foreign investor/ technolog y supplier and the Indian partner. ) Even in cases where the foreign investor had a joint-venture or technology transfer/ trademark agreement in the ‘same’ field, prior approval of the Government would not be required in the following cases: Investments to be made by Venture Capital Funds registered with the Security and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) or ii) where in the existing joint-venture investment by either of the parties was less than 3% or iii) where the existing venture/ collaboration was defunct or sick i) d) In so far as joint ventures to be entered into after the date of the Press Note were concerned, the joint venture agreements could embody a ‘conflict of interest’ clause, to safeguard the interests of joint-venture partners, in the event of one of the partners desiring to set up another joint-venture or a wholly-owned-subsidiary, in the ‘same’ field of economic activity. 2. 7 PRESS NOTE 3 (2005 SERIES) TAXPERT Professionals | ww w. taxpertpro. com info@taxpertpro. com 09769134554 Article on Foreign Collaboration Subsequently, Press Note 3 (2005 series), issued on 15 March, 2005, clarified that: a) For the purposes of Press Note 1 (2005 Series), the definition of „same? field would continue to be 4-digit NIC 1987 Code. ) Proposals in the Information Technology sector, and the mining sector, continued to remain exempt from the application of Press Note 1 (2005 Series). c) For the purpose of avoiding any ambiguity, it was further reiterated that, jointventures/technology transfer/trademark agreements, existing on the date of issue of the said Press Note (i. e. 12. 1. 2005), would be treated as existing jointventures/technology transfer/trademark agreements, for the purposes of that Press Note. 3. 0 APPLICATION OF THE PROVISIONS IN PRACTICE: 3. 1 FIPB considered 566 proposals during the calendar year 2009, out of which 16% related to matters linked with Press Notes 1 and 3 of 2005, wherein the applicants had a joint-venture / technology transfer agreement, with an Indian partner, as on 12 January, 2005. 3. Some of the principles emerging from the cases discussed in the FIPB 1 are set out below: a) In case the existing joint-venture has become defunct, there may not be any jeopardy to the Indian partner, in case the foreign collaborator wishes to set up a new venture. b) „Jeopardy? should not be invoked as a measure to stifle legitimate business activity and prevent competition. The issue of „jeopardy? has to be examined in light of the extant business agreements/arrangements between the parties. c) „Jeopardy? may not be established in cases where technology licence agreements have expired, as per terms mutually agreed by the joint-venture partners. d) In location specific projects/ activities, the concept of „jeopardy? cannot be extended beyond the area originally envisaged in the agreement. In such cases, „jeopardy? eeds to be viewed in a location-spec ific context. 3. 3 The FIPB Review, 2009 has observed that: â€Å"While critics may feel that Press Note 1 has outlived its utility, the high pitched debate on the issue of jeopardy and Indian JV partners alleging foul play by the foreign collaborator cannot make us oblivious to its continuing relevance. † 4. 0 PRACTICES IN OTHER EMERGING MARKETS (CHINA AND BRAZIL): 1 FIPB Review, 2009 TAXPERT Professionals | www. taxpertpro. com info@taxpertpro. com 09769134554 Article on Foreign Collaboration Emerging economies, such as Brazil and China, do not have any such corresponding requirements, under their foreign investment regimes. 5. CONCERNS RELATED TO LIBERALISING THE ‘EXISTING VENTURE/ TIE-UP CONDITION’: 5. 1 In 1998, the main policy concern was to protect the interests of domestic jointventure partners/ technology collaborators, who may have been less advantageously placed, in comparison to their foreign counterparts, insofar as their ability to influence the ter ms of future business engagement were concerned. It was felt that an element of Government oversight was necessary, so that future collaborations were subjected to the test of „jeopardy? and existing domestic joint-venture partners/ technology collaborators were not placed in a position wherein their survival was threatened. 5. This policy framework was relaxed in 2005, while maintaining a balance between the need to ensure healthy foreign investment inflows and the need to ensure that survival of the domestic industry was not threatened. The main elements of the „existing venture/ tie-up condition? were retained, underlining Government? s concerns about ensuring the continued sustenance and growth of the domestic joint-venture partners/ technology collaborators, in collaboration with their foreign partners. 6. 0 THE CASE FOR REVIEW OF THE EXTANT REGIME: 6. 1 The „existing venture/ tie-up condition? has now been in existence, as a formal measure under the FDI polic y, for nearly twelve years. It was last reviewed in 2005. There is a need to examine whether such a conditionality continues to be relevant in the present day context. 6. 2 The „existing venture/ tie-up condition? currently applies only to those joint-ventures which have been in existence as on or prior to 12 January, 2005. With more than five years having elapsed, it can be argued that the issue of „jeopardy? is, no longer relevant, as the Indian partners could have recovered their investments substantially during this period of time. 6. 3 The Indian industry today is in a much stronger position than it was in the 1990s, when the condition was first introduced. It, therefore, needs to be seen whether there is a need to continue with the elements of such a regime even today. 6. Further, industry has to increasingly become more competitive. This is particularly relevant in an era of globalization, where a number of Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) and Comprehensive Economic Cooperation/ Partnership Agreements (CEPAs/CEPAs) are in pla ce . In such a scenario, if an industry is discouraged from being set up in India, it could be set up in a neighbouring country, with whom a trade agreement exists or is being negotiated. Competition today, is not only between domestic players inter se but also between international and domestic players. Dumping of goods from some of countries has posed serious threats to the survival of domestic industries. Between 1992 and 2010 (May), the Directorate General for anti Dumping (DGAD) has initiated anti-dumping investigations into 253 cases involving 38 countries/territories (considering 27 EC countries as a single territory). The major product categories on which anti-dumping duty has been levied are chemicals petrochemicals, pharmaceuticals, fibres /yarns, steel and other metal products and consumer goods. TAXPERT Professionals | www. taxpertpro. com info@taxpertpro. com 09769134554 Article on Foreign Collaboration Limiting international technology agreements through measures described above may constrain the growth of strong and competitive domestic industries. 6. It is also a moot point whether Government policy should intervene in the commercial sphere and override contractual terms agreed to between the parties, given the need to promote healthy competition, and ensure sustained long-term economic growth. It can be argued that Government should not be concerned about commercial iss ues between two business partners. 6. 6 The measure discriminates between the foreign investors who had shown confidence in India, by investing in the country prior to 2005 and those who invested later. 6. 7 The condition may be restricting a number of investors, who may not be able to reach agreement with their Indian partners on their future investment plans, thereby restricting the inflow of foreign capital and technology into the country. 6. 8 A related issue is the concept of „same field?. Press Note 1 of 2005 significantly limited the scope of the provisions of Press Note 18 (1998 series), as the latter applied only to the â€Å"same field† and not the much wider â€Å"allied field†. However, in the present day context, even the concept of â€Å"same field† may not be an accurate indicator for determining whether the new venture would jeopardize the interest of the existing joint-venture partner. This is because , the NIC four digit Codes, even after revision , may still not fully reflect the complexities related to the concept of the „same? industry and may often tend to cover a wide range of industrial activities under the same head. As an example, the activity of „manufacturing of seat belts? may not jeopardize the activity of „manufacturing of car steering?. However, both fall under the „same field? under the NIC Code of 1987. Further, the NIC Codes of 1987 may not accurately represent many of the business situations in the current complex and diversified industrial environment, leading to difficulties in interpretation. 7. 0 POLICY OPTIONS FOR CONSIDERATION : 7. 1 For the reasons mentioned in Paras 6. 1 to 6. 8, should the „existing venture/ tie-up conditions? last amended in Press Notes 1 and 3 of 2005 and now included as paragraph 4. 2. 2 of Circular 1 of 2010 be totally abolished? 7. 2 Alternatively, if it is felt that such a condition should continue for some more time, should calibrated relaxations be introduced ? These could include exemptions from the application of the condition in cases where: a) The existing venture/tie up is more than say 10 years old b) If the activity of the new venture is demonstrably different from the activity of the existing venture/tie up, even though it has the same NIC field. Are there any other contingencies where such exemptions should be considered? The article is contributed by CA. Sudha G. Bhushan, She is a Chartered Accountant and a company secretary. She is advisor to many international companies on international tax matters and FEMA Advisory services. She can be reached at sudha@taxpertpro. com. TAXPERT Professionals | www. taxpertpro. com info@taxpertpro. com 09769134554 How to cite Foreign Collaboration, Essay examples

Islamophobi A Thing Of The Past Or Still Present Essay Example For Students

Islamophobi A Thing Of The Past Or Still Present Essay Ever since 9/11, the Islamic community has been ostracized from western civilisation. Exasperate by the Islamic state and such figure heads as Osama Bin Laden, western society has very much aimed their anger towards many of the Islamic population. Buying into the stereotype that is exceedingly incited by the media, hatred is slowly becoming innate in our way of life. However, my question isn’t a factor of racial slurs and discrimination, because unless you are meticulous in your political correctness; I find that whether it be said once in a lifetime or every day, everyone and anyone can fall victim to political impropriety. My issue lies within the labels, which are continually indoctrinated into the minds of the otherwise uninformed. According to official statistics, hate crimes against religious minorities has increased by 45% since 2001, which brings me to the question, where does the blame actually lie? The apparent epicentre to what is now dubbed as â€Å"Islamophobia†, is the day the World Trade Centre fell, which on that single day two thousand, nine hundred and ninety, six horrific deaths occurred. Controversially the media blames al-Qaeda, the people blame â€Å"Islam† and the conspiracy theorist blame, ex-president, George W. Bush and some Muslims even blame the Jews, but I wonder? Does this actually go deeper, than 9/11? Was this hatred always there? Is the media to blame? Or is Islam just the figure head to divert attention from the wrong doings in the west? This battle between western and eastern society is like an old couple where Mr. West has been cheating on Ms. East, so Ms . East decides to castrate him on television for the world to witness all his wrong doings. So let’s start, where we all believe it began. 9/11 was a sequences of four coordinated terrorist attacks by the Islamic radical group al-Qaeda in the U.S. Four aircrafts, were hijacked by 19 al-Qaeda terrorists to be flown into four governmental buildings in an attempt to break down western civilisation in the United States, which resulted in thousands of deaths including the terrorist themselves. Two of the planes, American Airlines Flight 11 and United Airlines Flight 175, were crashed into the North and South towers, of the World Trade Centre complex. A third plane, American Airlines Flight 77, was crashed into the Pentagon in Arlington County. The fourth plane, was targeted at Washington D.C. but crashed into a field in Pennsylvania, after its passengers tried to overcome the extremists. Now, opposed to condoning the event that went on, the media took this as a declaration of war, which is interesting as only two years later, America amongst other countries including the United Kingdom invaded Iraq. Now, according to U.S. President George W. Bush and British Prime Minister Tony Blair, this coalition of countries was all in an apparent effort to â€Å"disarm Iraq of weapons of mass destruction, to end Saddam Hussein s support for terrorism, and to free the Iraqi people.†, coining the mission as â€Å"Operation Iraqi Freedom by the United States†, completely glorifying America in the process. Controversially, many have previously thought that America had an ulterior motives for going into Iraq; that war cannot be used as a simple tool for peace. Yet, various ideas of conspiracy have since died out, many believed it was for oil, many just it thought it was pointless. I personally believe that 17,690 men and women were kill, in a war born out of vengeance and over forty thousand still live with the consequences of such war. I find that the 2 year gap between 9/11 and the Iraq war is convenient. The timing is too perfect, too faultless. A two year gap is long enough to give the impression of a just cause, to mourn the events of September 11th, but not long enough to lose focus, the tension between the east and west was still very much prominent in 2003, there was still so much hatred against the Islamic community, from the general public. According to the FBI, anti-Islamic incidents were the second least reported hate crimes prior to 9/11, but following September 11, they be came the second highest reported among religion-bias incidents. .u64c9debb0e17a382045268c6642ef3ae , .u64c9debb0e17a382045268c6642ef3ae .postImageUrl , .u64c9debb0e17a382045268c6642ef3ae .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u64c9debb0e17a382045268c6642ef3ae , .u64c9debb0e17a382045268c6642ef3ae:hover , .u64c9debb0e17a382045268c6642ef3ae:visited , .u64c9debb0e17a382045268c6642ef3ae:active { border:0!important; } .u64c9debb0e17a382045268c6642ef3ae .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u64c9debb0e17a382045268c6642ef3ae { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u64c9debb0e17a382045268c6642ef3ae:active , .u64c9debb0e17a382045268c6642ef3ae:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u64c9debb0e17a382045268c6642ef3ae .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u64c9debb0e17a382045268c6642ef3ae .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u64c9debb0e17a382045268c6642ef3ae .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u64c9debb0e17a382045268c6642ef3ae .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u64c9debb0e17a382045268c6642ef3ae:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u64c9debb0e17a382045268c6642ef3ae .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u64c9debb0e17a382045268c6642ef3ae .u64c9debb0e17a382045268c6642ef3ae-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u64c9debb0e17a382045268c6642ef3ae:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Report into the Impact of Small Business Enterprises on the Indian economy EssayControversially, a timeline starts to develop after the initiation beginning of the war in Iraq. In the next two years, two Islamic terrorist plots were either uncovered or put into place against Australia and the United Kingdom, who coincidently were the two of the biggest contributors other than the USA to the war effort in Iraq. In 2005, a successions of coordinated suicide bomb attacks in central London, was put into place, targeting civilians using the public transport system during the morning rush hour. The men, who carried out this heinous crime, were later found to be affiliated with b oth radical groups Al Jazeera and al-Qaeda. Similarly, in 2005, an Australian terrorism plot was put into place, targeting Sydney, Australia s most populous city and the capital of New South Wales, however, was later thwarted; a group of five known terrorist affiliates were arrested on charges of planning an act of terrorism. Further speculation into September 11th, lead too to popular belief that President George bush secretly orchestrate the 9/11 attacks; that the collapse of the Twin Towers was the result of a controlled demolition rather than structural failure due to impact and fire. Another prominent belief is that the Pentagon was hit by a missile launched by elements from inside the U.S. government or that a commercial airliner was allowed to do so via an effective stand-down of the American military. However, like I said, this is just all speculation and conspiracy, which has little factual standing. What is interesting though, is that despite the sudden rise of hate crimes against perceived Muslims, in our post 9/11 society. The views of Muslim and Middle Eastern people pre 9/11 in the United States especially, has always been skewed. It can be traced to deliberate typecasting by film and the media. Take the film, â€Å"Delta Force†, where a bunch of Arabic terrorists hijack an airplane and good old Chuck Norris with his martial arts and fancy motorcycle swoops in to save the innocent Israeli passengers. Now this film, is one of many examples, but it was filmed in the early 50’s and highlights the general perception of Arabs, which still exists in today’s society, despite 9/11. Where Arab-Muslims are Stereotyped as the robed and turbaned, sinister and dangerous, engaged mainly in hijacking airplanes and blowing up public buildings, Muslims are not the first person to be targeted for racial profiling, but It seems that the human race cannot discriminate betwe en a tiny minority of persons who may be objectionable and the ethnic strain from which they spring. If the Italians have the Mafia, all Italians are suspect; if the Jews have financiers, all Jews are part of an international conspiracy; if the Arabs have fanatics, all Arabs are violent. When does it stop?

Indian Telecom Sector free essay sample

A Decadal Profile Telecom Regulatory Authority of India Mahanagar Doorsanchar Bhawan, Jawaharlal Nehru Marg, (Old Minto Road), New Delhi 110 002 Telecom Regulatory Authority of India Telecom Sector in India: A Decadal Profile Mahanagar Doorsanchar Bhawan, Jawaharlal Nehru Marg, (Old Minto Road), New Delhi 110 002 Telecom Regulatory Authority of India Telecom Regulatory Authority of India, 2012 All rights reserved, no part of this publication may be in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, prior written permission of the Telecom Regulatory Authority of India, New Delhi. Prepared at the behest of by reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, photocopying, recording and/or otherwise, without the Telecom Regulatory Authority of India National Council of Applied Economic Research, Parisila Bhawan, 11, Indraprastha Estate, New Delhi–110 002 i | Telecom Sector in India: A Decadal Profile Telecom Sector in India: A Decadal Profile | iii iv | Telecom Sector in India: A Decadal Profile CONTeNTS List of Tables List of Boxes Foreword List of Figures Executive Summary vii iii ix xi 1 x 3. 5 Spectrum Management 3. 7 Regulatory Timeline 3. 6 Recommendations made by TRAI 53 55 55 59 4 Investment 4. 2 Total Investment 4. 4 Conclusion 4. 1 Introduction 1 Introduction 59 59 62 69 1. 2 Brief Overview of the Telecommunications Sector 1 1. 3 Importance of the Telecommunications Sector 3 . 1 Backdrop 1 4. 3 Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) 5 Socioeconomic Impact 5. 1 Introduction 5. 2 Macro Impact 2 Trends in the Telecommunications Sector 2. 1 Introduction 2. 2 International Comparisons 2. 4 Regional Variations 2. 6 Conclusion 71 71 71 74 75 80 86 96 97 5 5 5 5. 3 ICT and Economic Development 5. 5 Individual Sections of Society 5. 6 Applications of Technology 5. 7 Conclusion 2. 3 Growth of Telecommunication Services in India 9 2. 5 Trends in Telecommunication Manufacturing 39 46 48 49 5. 4. Micro Studies on the Impact of ICT 6 Conclusions 6. 2 Challenges and Suggested Policies 6. 3 Other Challenges Appendix 6. 1 Introduction 3 evolution of Telecom Regulation 3. 2 New Telecom Policy (NTP), 1999 3. 3 Institutional Framework for Telecom Policy 3. 4 Licensing Framework Regulation in India 3. 1 National Telecom Policy (NTP), 1994 49 50 50 52 97 97 99 101 105 Abbreviations vi | Telecom Sector in India: A Decadal Profile LIST Of TABLeS 1. 1 2. 1 2. 2 2. 3 2. 4 2. 5 2. 6 2. 7 2. 8 2. 9 2. 10 2. 11 2. 12 Snapshot of the Telecommunications Sector Estimates of Share of Expenditure on Mobile Phones PCO and VPT, March 2000–December 2011 (million) Number of Subscribers for Other Value Added Services, March 2000– December 2011 (million) Market Share of Leading ISPs in Terms of Subscribers, December 2011 Sector-wise EBITDA, PBIT, PBT (Rs crore) Sector-wise Profitability Ratios (%) Quality of Service Performance of Wireless Service Providers, December 2011 Quality of Service Performance of Wireline Service Providers, December 2011 Parameter-wise Status of QoS Benchmarks for Broadband Service, December 2011 Service Area-wise Teledensity, December 2011 Mobile Ownership by Households 1 14 21 21 24 29 29 2. 13 2. 14 2. 15 2. 16 2. 17 3. 1 4. 1 4. 2 4. 3 5. 1 5. 2 5. 3 5. 4 5. 5 5. 6 5. 7 State-wise Broadband Subscribers as on March 31, 2011 e-Readiness Index Universal Service Obligation Fund Position (Rs crore) Telecom Equipment Manufacturing in India (Rs crore) Revenue of Top 10 T elecom Equipment Players (Rs crore) Regulatory Reforms 43 43 46 47 48 56 Total Plan Outlay and Outlay for Communications in Five Year Plans (Rs crore) 59 Foreign Direct Investment Policy FDI in Telecommunications Sector: April 2000–August 2010 Summary of ICT4D Phases Mobile Information Services for Farmers Status of Women Increased Use of Mobile Devices (%) Bandwidth Required for Various Applications Super Specialty Consultations Some Applications with Mobile Governance 63 66 74 77 83 86 87 90 91 Composition of Revenue, December 2011 (%) 30 33 35 37 40 41 Telecom Sector in India: A Decadal Profile | vii viii | Telecom Sector in India: A Decadal Profile LIST Of fIguReS 1. 1 2. 1 2. 2 2. 3 2. 4 2. 5 2. 6 2. 7 2. 8 2. 9 2. 10 2. 11 2. 12 2. 13 2. 14 Share of Telecommunications as per cent of GDP, 2000–01 to 2009–10 India’s Position in Telephone Subscriptions India’s Position in Mobile Cellular Prepaid Tariffs (US$ per month), 2008 Internet Users in India and in the World, 2010 India’s Position in Fixed Internet Subscriptions in the World, 2010 Total Number of Telephone Subscribers in India, 1981–2011 (million) Total Number of Wireline Subscribers and Growth Rate in India, 1981–2011 Total Number of Wireless Subscribers and Growth Rate in India, 1996–2011 Teledensity, March 2000–February 2012 Mobile Phone Prices in India Internet Subscriptions and Growth Rate, March 2000–December 2011 Wireless Subscribers Capable of Accessing Data Services/Internet March 2007– December 2011 2 6 7 8 9 10 11 11 14 16 16 17 2. 15A Share of Service Provider in Wireline Subscriptions, 2001 (%) 2. 15B Share of Service Provider in Wireline Subscriptions, December 2011 (%) 2. 16 2. 17 2. 18 2. 9 Share of Service Provider in Wireless Subscriptions, February 2012 (%) Share of Service Provider in Wireless Subscriptions based on GSM, December 2011 (%) Share of Service Provider in Wireless Subscriptions based on CDMA, December 2011 (%) Service Provider-wise Details of Data Services, December 2011 (%) 22 22 23 23 23 24 24 24 25 25 26 28 28 30 2. 20A Service Provider-wise Shares in PCO, December 2011 2. 20B Service Provider-wise Shares in VPT, December 2011 2. 21 2. 22 2. 23 Market Share of PMRTS Providers (%) Market Share of VSAT Service Providers (%) Average Outgo* per Outgoing per Minute (Rs per minute) for Postpaid, Prepaid and Blended (GSM and CDMA), 2007–11 Market Share of Internet Access Technologies including Broadband, December 2011 17 Broadband Access, Technologies and Market Share, December 2011 Public–Private Wireline Subscriptions, March 2000–December 2011 (million) 18 22 2. 24A Telecom Sector Revenue, 2005–06 to 2010–11 (Rs crore) 2. 24B Telecom Sector Revenue, 2005–06 and 2010–11 (Rs crore) 2. 25 ARPU and MoU for Wireless Subscribers, 2000–01 to 2010–11 Telecom Sector in India: A Decadal Profile | ix 2. 26 2. 27 2. 28 2. 29 2. 30 2. 31 4. 1 4. 2 4. 3 4. 4 Revenue of Internet Service Providers, June 2008–December 2011 Minutes of Usage per Subscriber per Month of Dial-Up Access, 2005–06 to 2010–11 31 31 4. 5 4. 6 4. 7 4. 8 FDI in Telecommunications (Rs crore) and Wireless Subscribers (million), 2000–01 to 2011–12 FDI in Telecommunications (Rs crore) and ARPU Rs per minute (GSM), 2000–01 to 2011–12 67 68 Total Duration of Usage for Internet Telephony, 2004–05 to 2010–11 (million minutes) 32 Quality of Services for Wireless, 2003–10 Average of Percentage of Calls Answered by the Wireline Operators (Voice-to-Voice) within 60 Seconds across States, 2006–10 Percentage of Village Panchayats having Broadband, March 2011 Public and Private Sector Live Projects, 2001–11 (Rs crore) 33 35 42 62 FDI and Gross Revenue in Telecommunications Sector (Rs crore), 2000–01 to 2010–11 68 FDI Inflow, Exports and Imports in Telecommunications Sector (Rs crore), 2000–01 to 2010–11 Relationship between Economic Growth and Telecom Services: 2008 Total Teledensity ( June 30, 2010) and Share of GSDP as a percentage of Indian GDP (2008–09) Factors Influencing Tele-health Utilisation in Developing Countries Diagrammatic Representation of the Process of Transfer of Funds 69 71 73 89 94 5. 1 5. 2 5. 3 5. FDI in Telecom Sector (Rs crore) and Grow th Rate of FDI in Telecom, 2000–01 to 2011–12 64 Share of FDI in Telecom Sector as Percentage 65 of Total FDI, 2000–01 to 2011–12 Sector-wise FDI Inflows: April 2000– August 2010 65 LIST Of BOxeS 2. 1 2. 2 2. 3 2. 4 2. 5 2. 6 4. 1 The Budget Telecom Network Model Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) Broadband Technologies Competition in the Telecommunications Sector USOF Schemes Currently Undertaken Capital Employed, Return on Capital Employed and Capital Investment (Gross Block) in the Telecom Services Sector 7 12 13 18 27 45 60 4. 2 5. 1 5. 2 5. 3 5. 4 5. The Impact of the Crisis on Foreign Direct Investment in Telecommunications Rural Initiatives in ICT Impact of Information Technology Helps Deliver a Big Catch: Taking a Chance on New Information 64 76 78 79 BPO Opportunities for Rural Women in India: The Case of Source for Change 81 Improvement in Productivity due to Mobile Phone: Case Study of a Wom an 82 x | Telecom Sector in India: A Decadal Profile exeCuTIve SuMMARy he report presents the evolution of the telecommunications sector in India in the last decade. The telecommunications sector plays an increasingly important role in the Indian economy. It contributes to Gross Domestic Product (GDP), generates revenue for the government and creates employment. From 2001 to 2011, the total number of telephone subscribers has grown at a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 35 per cent. The comparable rates in the 1980s and 1990s were 9 per cent and 22 per cent, respectively. However, the composition of the subscribers shows that mobile subscribers have led the way. The increase in teledensity has mainly been driven by the increase in mobile phones. Demand side factors—ultra low cost of handsets, low tariffs and ultimately the ease of using a phone—as well as supply side factors have made mobiles popular in India. The number of Internet subscribers has increased but the number of data subscribers far exceeds the former. The Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) is the most favoured technology to access the Internet through the personal computer (PC). Other services like Village Public Telephones (VPTs), Public Call Offices (PCOs), Public Mobile Radio Trunk Service (PMRTS) and Very Small Aperture Terminal Services (VSAT) show slower growth. The data show that private providers dominate the four services including wireless subscriptions, data services, T PMRTS and VSAT, while public service providers dominate the other sectors. International comparisons show that India has one of the lowest mobile tariffs in the world. Between 2007 and 2010, prepaid and blended rates show a decline of 25. and 21. 5 per cent, respectively. In contrast, postpaid tariffs show a decline of only 8. 23 per cent. The majority of the subscriptions in India are of the prepaid type. This has been termed as the budget telecom network model, an innovation that took birth in South Asia. Usage statistics also show that Indians talk more on the phone than their international counterparts. The revenue statistics show that service providers are earning 50 per cent of their revenue from calls and 8. 3 per cent from Short Message Service (SMS). Ringtones form the dominant category of value-added services (VAS). The size of the VAS market is also growing over time. Teledensity shows wide regional variations across states. There is widespread variation in broadband availability across regions too. However, the states are making efforts to improve their ICT abilities over time. The roles of three main agencies in the telecommunications sector—DoT (Department of Telecommunications), TRAI (Telecom Regulatory Authority of India) and TDSAT (Telecommunications Dispute Settlement and Appellate Tribunal)—are an important aspect of the policy making and regulatory processes. Telecom Sector in India: A Decadal Profile | xi The Indian telecom sector has undergone major transformations through significant policy reforms. The regulatory reforms in the telecom sector from 2000 to 2011 can be broadly classified into the following three distinct phases. Phase 1 – 2000–2003: Telecom sectors were opened up to competition. Phase 2 – 2004–2007: Regulator encouraged competition and also set the stage for future growth. Phase 3 – 2008–2011: More choices were brought in for consumers in terms of technology and services. Planned investment outlay in the telecommunications sector has increased over time. Majority of the investment over the decade has come from the private sector. The private sector performs better in terms of return on average capital employed. The telecom sector has received on average 8. per cent of total inward FDI between 2000–01 and 2010–11. Most of the Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) has gone to the cellular mobile segment. Mobile telephony and economic growth positively reinforce each other. The micro studies on the impact of mobile p hones are more telling. Fisheries, as an industry, has hugely benefited from introduction of mobile phones. The impact of mobile phones on agricultural productivity and revenue varies on the type of service, literacy status of farmers and the type of complementary infrastructure available. However, middle men and traders in both fisheries and farming are dependent on the mobile to monitor their business needs. Small and medium enterprises are also realizing the benefits of mobile telephony either through increases in productivity or finding new business ventures through the use of mobile phones. Several studies have also examined the impact of mobiles on individual sections of society. Mobiles are now being seen as an empowerment tool since research has shown that mobiles have a positive impact on the social status of women in India. Studies indicate that mobile phones make women feel more secure. The urban poor also show evidence of economical benefits from using mobiles. Mobiles also affect people interaction by increasing their tele-interaction with each other. Mobiles are now being used to deliver services like health, education, banking, commercial services, and so on. The three major challenges of the next decade are (i) to overcome the digital divide, (ii) growth of broadband sector, and (iii) development of the telecommunications manufacturing sector. xii | Telecom Sector in India: A Decadal Profile 1 INTRODuCTION 1. 1 BACkDROP The ubiquitous sight of a shop offering to re-charge your mobile phone is symbolic of the telecom revolution that has changed the face of India in the first decade of the twenty-first century with significant social and economic impact. The total number of telephone subscribers in India stood at 943. 49 million in February 2012 as against 28. 53 million in April 2000. The purpose of this report is to review the extraordinary journey of the Indian telecom sector in the 2000s. The report presents the growth story in telecom sector in India in terms of significant policy changes and regulatory initiatives and conse quent socioeconomic impacts. Table 1. 1 : Snapshot of the Telecommunications Sector variable Teledensity†  Urban teledensity†  Rural teledensity†  Total number of subscribers Total number of wireless subscribers Total number of wireline phones Number of Internet subscribers Number of broadband subscribers Number of wireless data subscribers Production of telecom equipment# Total exports of telecom items# Total imports of telecom items # India’s export of telecom consultancy# Date February 2012 February 2012 February 2012 February 2012 February 2012 February 2012 December 2011 February 2012 February 2012 2010–11 Status 78. 10 169. 37 38. 53 943. 49 million 911. 17 million 32. 33 million 22. 39 million 13. 54 million 431. 37 million Rs 535 billion* (Rs 510 billion in 2009–10) Rs140 billion* (Rs 135 billion in 2009–10) Rs 450. 3 billion Rs 12. 7 million up to September 2010 (Rs 72. 70 million in 2009–10) Rs 75. 46 billion Rs 1,717 billion 1. 2 BRIef OveRvIew Of The TeLeCOMMuNICATIONS SeCTOR The subscriber base for telecom services in India is large but skewed in favour of urban areas. Urban teledensity is 4. 4 times that of rural density (Table 1. 1). Further, wireless phones dominate the market in India and wireline phone segment constitutes merely 3. 4 per cent of the total subscriber base. The numbers of Internet and broadband subscribers are a very small fraction of the population. However, the number of people capable of accessing the net through mobile phones is substantially higher, if wireless data subscription through mobile is an indication. 2010–11 2009–10 2010–11 FDI in telecom†¡ Gross revenue of telecom services sector 2010–11 2010–11 1 Telecom Regulatory Authority of India. Source: Telecom Regulatory Authority of India. †  Number of telephone subscribers per 100 people. * Projected. Annual Report 2010–11, Department of Telecommunications, Ministry of Communications and Information Technology, Government of India (2011), www. dot. gov. in †¡ Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion, Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Government of India (http://dipp. nic. i n/). Telecom Sector in India: A Decadal Profile | 1 The share of revenue from telecom services is higher than manufacturing/production of telecom equipment. About a quarter of the domestic telecom production is exported and the needs of telecom equipment in India are largely met by imports. Most of the Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) has gone to the cellular mobile segment. The pace of growth of the telecom sector, particularly the telecom services has increased its significance to the overall economy in the past two decades. The share of telecommunication services (excluding postal and miscellaneous services), as per cent of the total GDP, has increased from 0. 96 in 2000–01 to 3. 78 in 2009–10 (Figure 1. 1). The importance of telecommunications sector for the Indian economy can be judged by its contribution to GDP, tax revenue, and jobs. Studies have suggested that mobile phones have a positive impact on GDP. 2 The potential impact of wireless broadband is also estimated to be highly positive. 3 Further, the industry generates tax revenues for the government. The 3G spectrum auction combined with the bid values for broadband wireless access licenses yielded more than Rs 100,000 crore in 2010 to the Government of India, amounting to approximately 1 per cent of the GDP. 5 Employment data shows that the share of employment in the transport, storage and communication sectors went up from 3. 7 per cent in 1999–2000 to 3. 8 per cent in 2004–05. Figure 1. 1 : Share of Telecommunications as per cent of GDP, 2000–01 to 2009–10 Share of telecommunications (excluding postal and telecommunication services) as a per cent of GDP (%) 4. 00 3. 50 3. 00 2. 50 2. 00 1. 50 1. 00 0. 50 0. 00 01 0– 00 2 02 1– 00 2 03 2– 00 2 04 3– 00 2 05 4– 00 2 Year 06 5– 00 2 07 6– 00 2 08 7– 00 2 09 8– 00 2 10 9– 00 2 Sources: National Accounts Statistics of India (2009) and various issues (NAS); EPW Research Foundation, Mumbai. Note: The telecommunications sector of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is sum of the GDP of the phones of the public sector and private sector. Intermediate consumption in the overall public telecommunications sector has not been subtracted out but they form a relatively small proportion of the sector. 2 3 4 5 McKinsey and Company (2006), Wireless Unbound: The Surprising Economic Value and Untapped Potential of the Mobile Phone, http://ww1. mckinsey. com; and Vodafone (2009), India: The Impact of Mobile Phones, Vodafone Policy Paper Series No. 9, http://www. vodafone. com Analysys Mason (2010), Assessment of Economic Impact of Wireless Broadband in India, Report for GSMA. COAI and OVUM (2005), OVUM Report on Economic Benefits of Mobile Services in India: A Case Study for the GSM Association, http://www. coai. com/; and Bhide, S. (2010), The 3G Auction: What will we do with the extra money? Macrotrack, National Council of Applied Economic Research, 12(5). Bhide, S. (2010), The 3G Auction: What will we do with the extra money? Macrotrack, National Council of Applied Economic Research, 12(5). 2 | Telecom Sector in India: A Decadal Profile The employment in BPO (Business Process Outsourcing) shows high rates of growth throughout the 2000s. 6 The mobile telephone industry generated 3. 6 million jobs both directly and indirectly. 7 In 2008–09 2. million people were directly employed in the IT–BPO industry with 1. 9 million in Tier 1 cities and 0. 17 million in Tier 2/3 cities. 8 During the same period the IT–BPO industry employed 7. 3 million people indirectly in Tier 1 cities. Mobile phones are popular due to their personal, portable, and digital nature, enabling people to be always connected. There are increasing innovations, especially development of mobile applications. The low cost of handsets in India and the innovative budget telecom network have lowered the barrier to entry of consumers to the market. 9 On the supply side, mobile connections are relatively cheaper than fixed line telephony. 0 The telecommunications sector plays an increasingly important role in the Indian economy. It contributes to economic growth and the GDP and generates revenue for the government and generates jobs. In short, telecom sector has a multiplier impact on the economy. We have come a long way. However, certain challenges such as encouraging telecom manufacturing in India, spreading teledensity, and Internet services across India to bridge the digital divide are still to be fully met. 1. 3 IMPORTANCe Of The TeLeCOMMuNICATIONS SeCTOR The interplay of three factors—regulation, liberalisation, and technology—makes t his sector an interesting study. There are continuous technological changes and evolving regulatory climate. While Indian elecommunication companies, increasingly buoyant and confident, have started venturing outside the country and investing abroad, the telecom manufacturing in India is still to attract investment on a sustained basis. 6 7 8 9 10 Planning Commission, Government of India (2008), Report of the High Level Group on the Services Sector, www. planningcommission. nic. in, accessed August 11, 2010. COAI and OVUM (2005), OVUM Report on Economic Benefits of Mobile Services in India: A Case Study for the GSM Association, http://www. coai. com NASSCOM (National Association of Software and Service Companies) (2010), Impact of IT-BPO Industry in India: A Decade in Review, www. nasscom. in Figure 2. shows that most of the mobile phone models available in the market fall within the range of Rs 1,000–4,000, with the models in other price ranges being substantially smaller. W ith increasing prices, the number of models available in each range is falling. Bhavnani, A. , Chiu, R. W. , Janakiram, S. and Silarzsky, P. (2008), The Role of Mobile Phones in Sustainable Rural Poverty Reduction, ICT Policy Division, World Bank, www. worldbank. org Telecom Sector in India: A Decadal Profile | 3 4 | Telecom Sector in India: A Decadal Profile 2 TReNDS IN The TeLeCOMMuNICATIONS SeCTOR 2. 1 INTRODuCTION The last decade, especially since 2003, has seen tremendous growth and dynamism in the Indian telecommunications sector. A phone has been transformed from a â€Å"luxury† good to a â€Å"necessity† connecting millions of people. Earlier India was primarily concerned with increasing teledensity, i. e. telephones. Now, the idea of phones has itself changed from fixed line/wireline phones to mobile/wirless phones connecting people everywhere and anywhere (except perhaps the rural areas where unfortunately majority of Indians reside). The concept of connectivity itself has changed. The term telecommunications now includes many other services namely Internet services, radio paging services, Very Small Aperture Terminals (VSATs), Public Mobile Radio Trunk Service (PMRTS) and global mobile personal communication by satellite (GMPCS). Of all the above mentioned segments, wireless and Internet have registered the highest growth in the last few years. The number of total telephone subscribers in India increased from 28. 53 million in March 2000 to 943. 49 million in February 2012. 11 Wireless subscriptions increased from 1. 88 million in March 2000 to 911. 57 million in February 2012 and wireline subscriptions increased from 26. 65 million in March 2000 to 32. 33 million in February 2012. As a result, India has the 11 12 13 14 second largest mobile market in the world after China. India reached its Eleventh Five Year Plan (EFYP) target of 600 million subscribers in 2010 itself. 12 The number of total Broadband subscribers in India is 13. 4 million in February 2012. 2. 2 INTeRNATIONAL COMPARISONS The total number of telephone subscriptions in the world including fixed line and cellular sector grew at a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 17. 43 per cent between 2000 and 2010. 13 A total of more than US$ 3,670 billi on (6 per cent of the world’s GDP) was spent on telecommunication services by governments across the world in 2008. 14 India’s expenditure on telecommunication services in 2008 was to the tune of US$ 52 billion. This was 4. 3 per cent of the country’s total GDP. Government’s expenditure on telecommunications in India increased at the rate of 14 per cent during 2005–08. This section compares India’s position to that of the world in telephones and Internet availability and usage. India has risen through the ranks to be amongst the top telephone and Internet users in the world in absolute numbers but on a relative scale (to population) it still ranks low. All Indian subscription numbers in this paragraph are from Telecom Regulatory Authority of India. Planning Commission, Government of India (2010), Mid-Term Appraisal of Eleventh Five Year Plan. Available online at www. planningcommission. nic. in International Telecommunications Union. Available online at www. itu. int The rest of the data in this paragraph are from World Development Indicators. Available online at www. worldbank. org Telecom Sector in India: A Decadal Profile | 5 2. 2. 1 Telephones 2. 2. 1. 1 Telephone Subscriptions Available international comparisons till 2010 show that India has the second largest number of telephone subscribers in the world (222 countries), accounting for 12 per cent of the world’s total telephone subscribers as shown in Figure 2. 1. It is also one of the fastest growing in terms of telecom subscribers. Total telephone subscribers in India have increased at a CAGR of 32 per cent in 2000–10 against the world average growth rate of 17. 34 per cent. However, India’s teledensity, 64, is still lower compared to the world average of 108 (Teledensity as on February 2012 is 78. 1). This indicates low penetration of telephones in the rural areas. Figure 2. 1 : India’s Position in Telephone Subscriptions 1,400 Total Telephone Subcribers (Fixed-Line and Mobile) in 1,200 1,000 million, 2010 64 800 20 600 400 200 0 139 198 108 126 127 182 184 171 15 10 5 0 86 Total Telephone Subscribers in Average Growth Rate of Telephone Subscribers in the World: 17. 43% 25 30 CAGR of Telephone Subscribers (2000–10) the World: 6,559 Million 35 40 a R Fe uss de ian ra tio n In do ne si a a pa n US Ch in Br az m an UK di In Ja Total Telephone Subscribers (Fixed Line and Mobile) in million, 2010 Ge r CAGR: 2000–2010 Source: International Telecommunication Union (ITU). Available online at www. itu. nt Note: Teledensity numbers are shown in the circles above the bars of the respective countries. Teledensity has increased in India and around the world especially in the developing countries due to the rise of mobile phones. As of 2010, the ratio of mobile phones to fi xed lines in the world ranged from 0. 4:1 to 386. 5:1. 15 The average ratio of mobile phones to fixed lines in the world stood at 21. 5:1 in 2010. In India the same ratio is 21. 4:1 in 2010 whereas the comparable numbers for China and U. S. are 2. 9:1 and 1. 8:1, respectively. 15 16 2. 2. 1. 2 Tariffs Mobile cellular prepaid tariffs ranged between US$ 1. 3 and 37 per month across countries in 2008 (Figure 2. 2). 6 Average mobile cellular prepaid tariff in the world is US$ 10. 1 per month. Mobile tariffs are the lowest in countries such as Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan, and so on. Mobile tariffs in India are the International Telecommunication Union (ITU). Available online at www. itu. int Mobile cellular prepaid tariff is based on OECD’s (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) low-user definition, which includes the cost of monthly mobile use for 25 outgoing calls per month spread over the same mobile network, other mobile networks, an d mobile to fixed line calls and during peak, off-peak, and weekend times as well as 30 text messages per month. | Telecom Sector in India: A Decadal Profile I ta ly il y second lowest (US$1. 6 per month) in the world after Bangladesh. Countries with the highest mobile tariffs in the world include Austria, Venezuela, Greece, Portugal, Australia, Japan, Spain, Switzerland, France, and Brazil. This particularly low tariff in South Asia was an innovation (driven by intense competition, low purchasing power and strict regulatory environments) from this region called the â€Å"budget telecom network model† (Box 2. 1). 17 Figure 2. 2 : India’s Position in Mobile Cellular Prepaid Tariffs (US$ per month), 2008 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 2. 6 2. 8 2. 9 3. 0 3. 0 3. 1 1. 3 1. 6 1. 9 2. Pakistan Nepal Bhutan Austria Portugal Australia Japan Bangladesh Sri Lanka Macao SAR, China Ethiopia Venezuela, R. B. de Switzerland Lao P. D. R. Greece France India Spain Hong Kong SAR, China Braz il World average: 10. 1 24. 3 24. 7 25. 1 26. 4 26. 5 Countries with the lowest mobile cellular prepaid tariff Countries with the highest mobile cellular prepaid tariff 32. 2 35. 5 35. 7 33. 3 37. 0 Source: World Development Indicators. Available online at www. worldbank. org Box 2. 1 : The Budget Telecom Network Model This model first emerged in South Asian markets of India, Pakistan and Bangladesh to cater to â€Å"customers who only use a few calling minutes per month. This innovation rests on the reduction of transaction costs of generating and transmitting a monthly bill for prepaid customers. Low-value recharge cards, especially electronic reload, give the greatest payment flexibility making this model work† (OECD, 2009). This model is advantageous for people with low, irregular incomes, no permanent address and no credit history (Castell et al. , 2005 and Sinha, 2005). Also, these contracts allow exact monitoring of use (Waverman et al. , 2005 and Sinha, 2005). Low purchasing power of customers forced companies competing against each other to innovate. Vodafone (2009) estimates that the own-price elasticity of mobile is minus 2. 12, i. e. 10 per cent price fall would increase demand by approximately 21 per cent, keeping everything else constant. This implies that the fall in prices of mobile phones brought in more customers, increasing total revenue of operators. Operators in South Asia are as profitable as their Western counterparts (OEC D, 2009). Lately Indian operators have experienced a decline in their profits Margins. Sources: Castells, M. , Qiu, J. L. , Fernandez-Ardevol, M. , and A. Sey (2005), Mobile Community and Society: A Global Perspective, Annenberg Research Network on International Communication. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2009), ICTs for Development: Improving Policy Coherence. Paris, France. Sinha, C. 2005), Effect of Mobile Telephony on Empowering Rural Communities in Developing Countries, International Research Foundation for Development (IFRD) Conference on Digital Divide, Global Development and the Information Society. Available online at www. irfd. org Vodafone (2009), India: The Impact of Mobile Phones, Vodafone Policy Paper Series No. 9. Available online at http://www. vodafone. com Waverman, L. , Meschi, M. and M. Fuss (2005), The Impact of Telecoms on Economic Growth in Developing Countries, Vodafone Policy Paper Series: Africa: The impact of mobile phones, No. 2 , Vodafone Group. Available online at www. umich. edu 17 OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) (2009), ICTs for Development: Improving Policy Coherence. Paris, France. Telecom Sector in India: A Decadal Profile | 7 2. 2. 2 Internet 2. 2. 2. Internet Users India is ranked fourth amongst Internet users in the world, accounting for 4. 56 per cent of the world’s total Internet users in 2010 as shown in Figure 2. 3. Internet users in India expanded at a significantly high CAGR of 32. 27 per cent during the period 2000–10 while those in the world 18 expanded at an average rate of 17. 46 per cent. However, India ranks low in terms of Internet users per 100 people in the world (143 out of 186) with only 7. 5 per 100 people using Internet, compared to the world average of 30. 48. The growth numbers in terms of users are dazzling but as the next section will show, India is still far behind in Internet subscriptions. Figure 2. 3 : Internet Users in India and in the World, 2010 Nigeria France United Kingdom Russian Federation Germany Brazil India Japan United States China 0. 0 50. 0 100. 0 150. 0 200. 0 250. 0 300. 0 350. 0 400. 0 450. 0 500. 0 Total Internet users in the world: 2 billion World average (Internet users per 100 people): 30. 48 India (Internet users per 100 people): 7. 5 India’s rank in Internet users per 100 people: 143 Total countries reported: 186 Internet users (million) Internet users (per 100 people) Source: World Development Indicators, World Bank. Available online at www. worldbank. org 2. 2. 2. 2 Internet Subscriptions19 Out of the 91. million people using Internet in India, there were only 18. 7 million fixed Internet subscribers in 2010 as shown in Figure 2. 4. India was ranked the seventh highest (out of 214 countries) in this category in 2010. The country accounted for 3. 54 per cent of the world’s total fixed Internet subscribers in 2010. The number of fix ed internet subscribers per 100 inhabitants in 2010 was 1. 53 as compared to the world figure of 7. 73. 18 19 Internet users include subscribers who pay for Internet access (dial-up, leased line, and fixed broadband) and people with access to the worldwide computer network without paying directly, either as the member of a household, or from work or school. Therefore, the number of Internet users will always be much larger than the number of subscribers, typically by a factor of 2–3 in developed countries and more in developing countries (International Telecommunication Union). Internet subscribers include people who pay for access to the Internet (dial-up, leased line, or fixed broadband). The number of subscribers measures all those who pay for Internet use, including the so-called â€Å"free Internet† used by those who pay via the cost of their telephone call, those who pay in advance for a given amount of time (prepaid), and those who pay for a subscription (either flat rate or volume-per-usage based) (International Telecommunication Union). 8 | Telecom Sector in India: A Decadal Profile Figure 2. 4 : India’s Position in Fixed Internet Subscriptions in the World, 2010 Mexico Italy Korea (Rep. India United Kingdom Brazil France Russia United States China 0. 0 20. 0 40. 0 60. 0 80. 0 100. 0 120. 0 Total Internet s ubscribers in the world : 0. 53 billion World fixed Internet subscribers per 100 inhabitants : 7. 73 Fixed Internet subscriptions (million) Fixed Internet subscriptions per 100 inhabitants Brazil: Dial up portion estimated based on CETIC. br (CGI. br). Source: International Telecommunication Union. Available online at www. itu. int Notes: The 2009 numbers have been used for the China and Russia figures. Mexico: Preliminary estimates. Italy: In terms of broadband lines (excluding internet dial-up subs. ). Source: Agcom-Cocom. 2. 3 gROwTh Of TeLeCOMMuNICATION SeRvICeS IN INDIA Telecom services in India can be basically divided into two major segments: (a) telephones, wireline and wireless, and (b) Internet services. In addition, it also comprises of other smaller segments including radio paging services, VSATs, PMRTS and global mobile personal communication by satellite (GMPCS). As mentioned earlier, wireless phones and Internet services have registered the highest growth in the last few years. 2. 3. 1 Total Subscriptions of Telephones and Stage III: post-2001. This refers to mainly the era of wireless. As can be seen in Figure 2. 5, the total subscriptions of telephones witnessed a sluggish growth (CAGR of 10 per cent) in the state owned era corresponding to the period 1981–90. The foundation of growth of this sector was laid with the introduction of reforms in 1992 mainly in the form of increased competition due to opening up of the sector to private players. This facilitated easy market access for telecom equipment and a fair regulatory framework for offering telecom services to the Indian consumers at affordable prices. As a result, telephone subscriptions grew at a CAGR of 20 per cent during 1991–2000. The introduction of wireless phone in mid-1990s coupled with increased competition has completely changed the picture. The number of mobile phone connections crossed Growth of telephones sector can be summarised in three stages (Figure 2. 5). Stage I: Before 1990. This refers to the period when the telecom sector was mainly state owned; Stage II: 1991–2000. This refers to the period between the onset of reforms but the absence of wireless phones; Telecom Sector in India: A Decadal Profile | 9 fixed line connections in September 2004. 20 As a result the number of telephone subscriptions grew at a CAGR of 35. 3 per cent during the period 2001–11. Total telephone subscribers in India increased from 28. 53 million in March 2000 to 943. 49 million in February 2012. 21 Wireless subscriptions increased from 1. 88 million in March 2000 to 911. 17 million in February 2012 and wireline subscriptions increased from 26. 65 million in March 2000 to 32. 33 million in February 2012. Figure 2. : Total Number of Telephone Subscribers in India, 1981–2011 (million) 1000 900 800 Total Subscriber (million) 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 CAGR 10% CAGR 20% State-Owned Introduction of Private Competition Growth in Cellular Mobile CAGR 35% Sources: World Development Indicators. Available online at www. worldbank. org Note: These are subscriptions at the end of each calendar year. Telecom Regulatory Authority of India. 2. 3. 1. 1 Wireline Subscriptions Wireline subscriptions increased from 2. 3 million in 1981 to 32. 44 million in 2000 to reach its peak at 50. 18 million in 2006. Thereafter, it started registering negative growth (Figure 2. 6). By the end of February 2012, wireline subscriptions came down to 32. 33 million. India has followed the worldwide trend where the mobile phone is 20 21 Bhavnani, A. , Chiu, R. W. , Janakiram, S. and P. Silarzsky (2008), The Role of Mobile Phones in Sustainable Rural Poverty Reduction. ICT Policy Division, World Bank. Available online at www. worldbank. org All Indian subscriber numbers in this paragraph are taken from Telecom Regulatory Authority of India. 10 | Telecom Sector in India: A Decadal Profile 19 8 19 1 82 19 83 19 84 19 85 19 86 19 8 19 7 88 19 8 19 9 90 19 91 19 92 19 93 19 94 19 95 19 96 19 97 19 98 19 99 20 00 20 0 20 1 02 20 0 20 3 0 20 4 05 20 0 20 6 0 20 7 08 20 0 20 9 1 20 0 11 Fixed Line Subscriber (million) Mobile Cellular Subscriber (million) substitute to fixed line phone, through competition has forced the landline services to become more efficient in terms of quality of services. The landline network quality has improved and landline connections are now usually available on demand. Figure 2. 6 : Total Number of Wireline Subscribers and Gro wth Rate in India, 1981–2011 60 Number of Subscriber (million) 50 40 30 20 10 0 19 8 19 1 82 19 8 19 3 8 19 4 85 19 8 19 6 8 19 7 8 19 8 8 19 9 9 19 0 9 19 1 92 19 9 19 3 9 19 4 95 19 9 19 6 9 19 7 98 19 9 20 9 0 20 0 0 20 1 02 20 0 20 3 0 20 4 05 20 0 20 6 0 20 7 08 20 0 20 9 1 20 0 11 25. 0 20. 0 15. 0 10. 0 5. 0 0. 0 -5. 0 -10. 0 -15. 0 -20. 0 -25. 0 Annual Growth Rate (%) Number of Subscribers Annual Growth Rate Sources: World Development Indicators. Available online at www. worldbank. org Telecom Regulatory Authority of India. Note: These are subscriptions at the end of each calendar year. 2. 3. 1. 2 Wireless/Cellular/Mobile Phone Subscriptions Cellular or mobile segment has been the key contributor to record growth in telephone subscriptions with its wide range of offers of services. It has led the growth wave of telecom sector in the country. After triple digit growth rate in the first two years, growth rate reduced to 35. 6 per cent in 1998. The annual growth rate of wireless phones increased again till 2003 and peaked at 159. 2 per cent. Since then the growth rate has tapered down and has averaged around 51. 8 per cent during 2004–11. In 2011, growth rate significantly came down to 18. 8 per cent (Figure 2. 7). Mobile phones accounts for nearly 96. 6 per cent of the total telecom subscriptions as of February 2012. 22 Figure 2. 7 : Total Number of Wireless Subscribers and Growth Rate in India, 1996–2011 1000 Mobile Cellular Subscribers (million) 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 150. 0 100. 0 50. 0 0. 0 350. 0 300. 0 250. 0 200. 0 Annual Growth Rate (%) 20 00 20 02 20 05 20 03 20 04 20 08 20 06 20 01 20 09 20 07 19 98 19 96 19 97 20 10 19 99 Mobile Cellular Subscribers Annual Growth Rate Sources: World Development Indicators.